Analysis of Jhumpa Lahiris Sexy Essay Sample

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Examples of Research Papers About the Dakota Access Pipeline

Examples of Research Papers About the Dakota Access PipelineThere are many examples of research papers about the Dakota Access Pipeline, but it's hard to decide which one is the best. This article will give you a short list of these examples so that you can decide on the one to look at and write your own paper on.The first is a paper written by the Oil and Gas Technology Research Foundation. Here, they analyzed the damage done to land and water quality in the area, as well as the proposed route of the pipeline. It also presented a number of scenarios that show the pollution, water usage, air pollution, and potential environmental impacts of the project.The second is an analysis from the University of North Dakota. Here, they discussed the reasons for concern about oil spills in the riverbeds of the Mississippi River, the state's most important source of drinking water. The researchers highlighted that the problem is exacerbated by a lack of current spill prevention measures, particul arly over-the-top discharge practices by those companies that do not want to take responsibility for their spills.The third example is from the University of Texas at Arlington. Here, they reviewed the petroleum industry's responsibility for spills and thus noted that it's important for researchers to study the 'lessons learned' through studies of spill cleanups. They identified three major lessons that the industry must learn and applied them to various spill cleanups around the world.The fourth example is from Georgia Tech, where a group of researchers took a step into the future. They looked at the possibility of building a power plant right on top of the existing pipeline because of the very high levels of security and reliability that a large number of oil pipelines would provide to the region.The fifth example is a paper written by Mary Whipple, a professor of geography at Cornell University. In her paper, she found a number of locations along the pipeline route where the oil could be stored, as well as situations where oil could be used to irrigate areas without having to travel across the country. She also discussed the necessity of increasing safety precautions, by avoiding areas with risk of pipeline breaches, making sure that oil spills would not be allowed to go undetected, and increasing monitoring of pipelines.The sixth example is an analysis by John Pomeroy, an assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. Here, he evaluated whether the leak or release of crude oil or natural gas into the environment would lead to climate change. He found that there is already enough carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere for the climate to change significantly.These are just a few examples of research papers about the Dakota Access Pipeline. You can use these papers to make your own conclusions about the issues surrounding the pipeline.

The Chronicles of Scholarship Essay Samples Engineering

The Chronicles of Scholarship Essay Samples Engineering The 5-Minute Rule for Scholarship Essay Samples Engineering We appreciate your choice to cope with our company, that's why we supply you with an inexpensive pricing policy! Engineering ethics is a run of ethical and moral standards that are linked to the area of engineering. Some universities and organizations set a particular format, while some supply you with the freedom to produce your own. Being part of a fantastic educational institution can be very costly. Scholarship essay prompts are extremely tricky, so you need to read and re-read it multiple times to spot key themes. It is not a paper where you can forgive yourself misspellings or formatting inaccuracy. Writing a scholarship essay demands much time to place the words on paper and blend the sentences, so as to convey the appropriate meaning. 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The Importance Of Education For A Country s Development

Discuss the importance of education to a country s development There is no denying to the fact that in today s competitive era education has become a major part not only for human kinds but also for a country development because it is play an important role in a country s social and economic progress. If a person wants to get success and progress in his life he should be educated. In the same way if a nation wants development, the country should has more developed education and educated people which leads a country towards the prosperity. Today there are many countries on earth which we can call developed nations like, the united state of America, Canada, England and many more. These are the developed countries and the reason behind that is education. Education gives strength to a country s development through the women empowerment, improvements in the field of science and technology and improvements in public Health care. The first and the foremost contribution of education in a country development must be viewed from the angle of women-folk who, for centuries, had to live in a male dominated world until, of course, the education gave them wings to break out the shackles of slavery of men. The education designed itself ergonomically to design, manage and refurbish community based initiatives uplift the status of women. Who can forget the effortsShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Education For A Country s Development1547 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss the importance of education to a country’s development. Now day s education playsa very vital role in our lives.Education gain under the guidance of others, but it memorizesMay also train themselves.It is commonly divided into phases such as pre-school, elementary school, secondary school and after that college or university.A right has been recognized by governments. The foundation of a country becomes strong with a high literacy ratio; society also becomes well civilized and broadmindedRead MoreEducation Plays An Important Role In Sh1412 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Education plays an important role in shaping an individual’s career. The level of education helps people to earn recognition and respect in the society. Undoubtedly education is both socially personally an indispensible part of human life. However the inequalities in the standards of education are still a major issue that needs to be solved as early as it could be. The importance of education is our life cannot be ignored at any cost. Education is the only way to get knowledge. For instance, youRead MoreThe Key Messages Of The Foundation Phase1057 Words   |  5 Pagescurriculum. It will analyse childhood theorists’ sentiments about the Foundation Phase, the notion of play in learning, both indoor and outdoor, and Personal Social Development, Well-Being and Cultural Diversity. The Foundation Phase is constructed to provide consistency to each child’s education during a crucial stage of their development. However, the consistency does not affect the challenge of the curriculum: Children are given more opportunities to enhance their knowledge through practical activitiesRead MoreThe Key Messages Of The Foundation Phase1056 Words   |  5 Pagescurriculum. It will analyse childhood theorists’ sentiments about the Foundation Phase, the notion of play in learning, both indoor and outdoor, and Personal Social Development, Well-Being and Cultural Diversity. The Foundation Phase is constructed to provide consistency to each child’s education during a crucial stage of their development. However, the consistency does not affect the challenge of the curriculum: Children are given more opportunities to enhance their knowledge through practical activitiesRead MoreThe Foundation Phase Curriculum Completed1318 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom the Framework for Children s Learning for the 3 to 7-year-olds in Wales (The Framework) emphasise that all children should be receiving a good quality environment, experiential learning, sound adult observations and interactions and learn according to their interests. STRESS THAT THE FRAMEWORK IS THE CURRICULUM... But the children should be receiving more than this.. CHILDREN SHOULD BE RECEIVING: One of the key messages in The Framework is of children s involvement in planning . PlanningRead MoreWhy Literacy Rate Of South Africa Is Higher Than That Of West Africa? Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesin South Africa is higher than that of West Africa? The countries in South Africa are already done much better in the development work along with education system by increasing the literacy rate in the country whereas the countries of West Africa are still too much back warded about the literacy in their society. These two parts of the continent are opposite to each other about the awareness and beneficial factor of education. In countries of South Africa, people are known as socially handicappedRead MorePest Analysis for India1088 Words   |  5 PagesThe Rise of India India, one of four great ancient civilizations, has a splendid history, and it also has an important influence and effect on the development of world civilization. India’s societal development was lost during the period of British colonialism. However this indomitable nation is now rapidly developing. Since the 21st century when globalization swept the world, India has gotten the chance to move. India is rising. The paper will use PEST political environment, economic environmentRead MoreQuality Infrastructure Facilities And Its Impact On Co Scholastic Achievement Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesA study of quality infrastructure facilities and its impact on co-scholastic achievement of elementary school student CHAPTER 1 1.1. INTODUCTION â€Å"Education is the Most Powerful Weapon Which You Can Use to Change the World.† – Nelson Mandela. We are living in a society influence by change. People’s way of living and thinking is shaped by technical, economical and social evolution. The globalized markets, the technical and technological revolutions are transforming the modern economy into a â€Å"knowledgeRead MoreGovernment Of The People By Abraham Lincoln1330 Words   |  6 Pagesdependant variable. 3 countries will be looked at in this essay to explain the given theories. The countries are Tunisia, Algeria and Libya. All 3 countries have been picked having many similarities but when it comes to the quality of democracy, they vary. All 3 countries are vastly Muslim, they border each other and they are all situated in the north Africa. However the Polity score of each country differs with Tunisia Algeria and Libya scoring 7, 2 and 0 respectively. Libya s polity score was takenRead MoreTuition Free Public College Education1677 Words   |  7 PagesAnd Education for All: Tuition-Free Public College Education Everyone has the right to an education and education should be as accessible as possible to fulfill this need. Without an education, people are rendered powerless. Education gives people the power to go wherever and do whatever they want in life. This is especially true for higher education and a college degree is needed now more than ever. In the United States, in order to get ahead in a career or go up the social ladder, one needs a

Provision of Leisure Services as Private Goods

Question: Should the provision of leisure services be considered as a private good? Answer: Introduction Leisure service can be defined as the part of the day in which there is no involvement of the workers in the income and earning activities of the goods. Usually it is off job time and during this time the people tend to relax and rest (Emanuelson, 2013). It can be while watching TV, sports or sleeping. The main aim of the assignment is to assess whether the leisure services will be considered as a private good. The intervention of the Government in the provision of the leisure services and the limits to the intervention of the Government has been assessed. A brief explanation of leisure services as private goods has been provided (Tribe, 2015). The private good as an economic resource are scarce and there is increase in rivalry for private good (Slavov, n.d.). The demand curve for a private good is a horizontal summation of the individual demand curves (Anderton, 2000). The private goods follow the law of demand and the price of a private good increase with the rise in demand and whe n the supply is low (Public Goods and Private Goods, 2015). Bread can be an example of private good where the bread that has been taken by one person cannot be consumed by another (considered as a rival) and it becomes easier for the baker to trade a loaf. On the other hand public good can be defined as a good that on consumption by one individual does not potentially reduce the amount available for consumption by another individual(BESLEY and GHATAK, 2015). Brief explanation on private goods In the present essay it needs to be assessed that whether the leisure services can be considered as a public good or a quasi-public good (Munday, 2000). The public good can be defined as an environment with temperature that is important for healthy living. In case of public goods the enjoyment of the goods cannot be taken away unlike the private goods where there is exclusion of the individuals if there is no payment for the product. The central Government also provides the quasi public goods. Thus it can be said that the leisure services are not public goods but quasi public goods.Private goods can be considered to be opposite of public goods (Oakley and Rhys, 2008). The free rider problem is less visible in case of private goods as to be the owner of private good, it has to be purchased (Musgrave and Kacapyr, 2015). It is not available for free (Labaree, 2015). The demand curve for private good is same as public good. With the rise in demand for private goods, the price of private good increases. The common examples of private goods are food, cell phones and airplanes. Economists have defined private goods as rivalrous and excludable (Blomquist and Christiansen, 1999). The leisure service can be defined as the segment of the business that focuses on entertainment, sports, tourism and recreation. The leisure services fall under the category of private goods as the consumption of a private good is possible only if it is purchased by the consumer (Koenig, Lausen and Wagener, 2015). Excludable Non-excludable Rivalrous Private Goods includes clothing, food, electronics and car. Common Goods derived from common pool of resources which includes fish stock, coal, and timber. Non - Rivalrous Club good comprises of private parks , cinemas , satellite television Public good comprises of free air, television, national defense. The demand curve shows that optimal quantity is given by M and the provision of the quasi-public good will occur at that quantity of membership as at a point where the marginal cost is equal to the marginal benefits. Provision of leisure services as private goods The Government plays a major role for the welfare of the public. They have the responsibility to maximize the benefits of the public. Thus the leisure services has to be provided by the Government and there is necessity for intervention from the Government. The public provision of private goods (education, day care, health care etc) is important quantitatively in all countries that are developed which accounts for around 15 to 20% of the GNP. The quantitative determination of the leisure services has to be included under private goods. Differential taxation policy for private goods is a major issue. It is optimal to tax the goods differently. It is optimal to tax the luxury show off goods such as jeweler, luxury cars higher than the insurance services. The work of Veblen on leisure studies refer to his conception of conspicuous consumption as a phenomenon of sociology. But the economic importance of leisure services is equal (Dragicevic and Meunier, n.d.). It is difficult to develop the economies of leisure or any other area where there public sector is involved. The economics of leisure is concerned with the adoption of the standard model so that the odd situations can be taken into account which has no conformity with the format of the standard market. In such cases there is involvement of the government take place (Blomquist, Christiansen and Micheletto, 2011). In case of provision for leisure services as private goods, the sports sector violates some of the major assumptions that are considered in mainstream economics. In a sports sector, the firms are open to access the market as the firms want to maximize their market share. However it is viewed by the government and the economist as undesirable and it is resisted by the antitrust laws and the monopolies commission. The composite product is common for the leisure sector. The sporting league can be considered as an example of a composite product. Tourism is also a composite product. Monopoly is one of the major characteristics of leisure. Monopoly occurs when there is only one supplier for a product. It is seen that the leisure organizers take the advantage of monopoly. Monopoly leads to excess of profit and as a result of which there is limitation to supply (Fang and Norman, 2013). Intervention of Government in the provision of leisure services Governments provide public goods at all levels but they also devote considerable amount of time for the provision of private good and services like providing health care services , child care services , insurance services , education and housing services. The intervention of the Government on the leisure services can be explained in terms of tourism sector. The tourism sector requires a proper strategy from the Government as it is an industry that has growing economic importance. The tourism industry can result in sustainable development and it can be an instrument for regeneration. The tourism industry is a diverse industry and it requires support from the Government. The demand for the tourism sector is seasonal and it is variable. But according to several economists, Government should not intervene unless it has been justified under valid grounds. But in case of a market failure there is justification for Government intervention. In leisure services and tourism there is existence of natural monopolies. There is only one operates that is responsible for operating the tourist spots like Grand Canyon, Great Barrier Reef. In such sector it is apt that the Government must intervene to prevent the private operators from taking advantage of the monopoly. The Government intervention prevents the undue advantage by the operators to charge higher prices. Thus the intervention from the Government is seen as a measure to overcome the problem by taking certain measures like levying taxes for the payment of goods and services or it can be done by subsidizing the production to a considerable level (ec.europa.eu, 2015). Practical limits to intervention of Government The leisure services and goods are one of those minimal packages that are available for providing a satisfactory quality of life. The Government intervention in the leisure services makes its cheaper for all. The monopoly nature of the leisure services can be prevented from Government intervention. There are various ways in which the Government can intervene includes imposition of tax and prevention of extortion of prices. It is seen that there are some sporting activities that are promoted by the Government to maintain the physical fitness. There is also legal framework by the Government for the protection of the society and protection of the life. Government intervention is seen in case of gambling, alcohol consumption and various safety regulations in the entertainment place. Government provides subsidy in case of education sector. They also interfere to maintain the cultural heritage of the country. Government intervention is also seen in promotion of local film industry. However there are several cases in which the intervention from the Government has led to market failure. In some cases it is seen that the demand from the Government is endless which causes discomfort among the public (Veal, 2010) ; (Aronsson and Stenman, 2013). Conclusion In majority of the cases, the Government intervention is seen as facilitating rather than a providing a direct provision role. The facilitating role of the Government is seen to develop the nonprofit sector and the commercial sector. The trend in the policy making by the Government has been seen in the field of leisure, tourism and sports. The Global influence in the cultural services is seen at the cultural level. The government intervention in the leisure services is seen to be feasible in case of monopoly sectors. In these sectors the sellers charge in excess in order to earn huge profits. In such cases it is necessary for the Government to intervene. The Government intervention is seen in term of implementation of tax. However in some cases it is seen that Government intervention leads to market failure. The intervention of the Government in the leisure services is necessary to preserve the natural beauty of a tourist spot or the cultural value of a place. References Anderton, (2000).Economics. pp.388-458. Aronsson, T. and Stenman, O. (2013).Publicly Provided Private Goods and Optimal Taxation when Consumers Have Positional Preferences. [online] gupea.ub.gu.se. Available at: https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/32519/1/gupea_2077_32519_1.pdf [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015]. BESLEY, T. and GHATAK, M. (2015).GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF PUBLIC GOODS. 1st ed. [ebook] pp.1343-1349. Available at: https://econ.lse.ac.uk/staff/mghatak/qje.pdf [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015]. Blomquist, S. and Christiansen, V. (1999). The political economy of publicly provided private goods.Journal of Public Economics, 73(1), pp.31-54. Blomquist, S., Christiansen, V. and Micheletto, L. (2011).Public provision of private goods, self-selection and income tax avoidance. [online] ucfs.nek.uu.se. Available at: https://ucfs.nek.uu.se/digitalAssets/129/129546_wp20116.pdf [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015]. Dragicevic, A. and Meunier, G. (n.d.). Competitive Private Supply of Public Goods.SSRN Journal. ec.europa.eu, (2015).Economic Assessment of the Barriers to the Internal Market for Services. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/docs/services-dir/studies/2005-01-cph-study_en.pdf [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015]. Emanuelson, D. (2013).Leisure Services Financial Management. pp.1-16. Fang, H. and Norman, P. (2013). Toward an efficiency rationale for the public provision of private goods.Econ Theory, 56(2), pp.375-408. Koenig, T., Lausen, T. and Wagener, A. (2015).The Public Provision of Private Goods with Status Concerns. [online] coll.mpg.de. Available at: https://www.coll.mpg.de/sites/www.coll.mpg.de/files/workshop/Public%20Provision.pdf [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015]. Labaree, D. (2015). Public Goods , Private Goods : The American Struggle over Educational Goals.American educational Research Journal, [online] 34, pp.38-81. Available at: https://web.stanford.edu/~dlabaree/publications/Public_Goods_Private_Goods.pdf. Munday, S. (2000).Markets and Market Failure. pp.36-45. Musgrave, F. and Kacapyr, E. (2015).AP Micro Macro Economics(2E). pp.75-100. Oakley, B. and Rhys, M. (2008).The sport and fitness sector. London: Routledge. Public Goods and Private Goods. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] pp.1-10. Available at: https://www.econ.ucsb.edu/~tedb/Courses/UCSBpf/pflectures/chap2.pdf [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015]. Slavov, S. (n.d.). Public versus Private Provision of Public Goods.SSRN Journal. Tribe, J. (2015).The Economics of Recreation, Leisure and Tourism By Both Faculty of Leisure and Tourism. pp.2-20. Veal, A. (2010).Leisure, sport and tourism. Cambridge: CABI.

Dolphins Talking Essays - Animal Communication, Animal Intelligence

Dolphin's Talking Bottlenose dolphins are among the most vocal of the nonhuman animals and exhibit remarkable development of the sound production and auditory mechanisms. This can be seen in audition, which is shown in the animal`s highly refined echolocation ability, and in tightly organized schools in which they live that are made up by sound communication. In testing the communication skills of dolphins, extensive studies have been done on vocal mimicry, in which the animal imitates computer-generated sounds in order to test motor control in terms of cognitive ability. Language comprehension on the other hand has been tested through labeling of objects, which has proven to be successful regarding the association of sound and object stimulus. The biggest question in dolphin communication, is whether or not the species is capable of intentional communicative acts. Though results from studies have been debatable, the key to understanding the extent to this language is to determine whether they have a repertoire of grammatical rules that generate organized sequences. In determining this, the greatest accomplishment for both the scientist and all of humanity, would be to accomplish interspecies communication, creating a bridge between humans and animals which could open up a new understanding of the unknown world of wildlife. Most importantly, it is necessary to understand the incredible aptitude of dolphin communicative skills, and the impressive intelligence the animal possesses which allows for a great deal of intraspecies and interspecies communication (Schusterman, Thomas, & Wood, 1986). The acoustical reception and processing abilities of the bottlenosed dolphins have generally been shown to be among the most sophisticated of any animal so far examined (Popper, 1980 as cited by Schusterman et al. 1986). In order to understand the complexity of these highly mechanized acoustic systems, it is necessary to learn the process for which the dolphin hears. In most water-adapted cetaceans, tissue conduction is the primary route of sound conduction to the middle ear. The isolation of the bullae shows an adaptation for tissue-conducted sound. The lower jaw contains fat that is closely associated with the impedance of seawater. The lower jawbone of most odontocetes becomes broadened and quite thin posteriorly, and the fat forms an oval shape that closely corresponds to the area of minimum thickness of the jaw. This fat body leads directly to the bulla, producing a sound path to the ear structures located deep within the head. Paired and single air sacs are scattered throughout the skull, which serve to channel these tissue-conducted sounds (Popov & Supin, 1991). Other than this description, there are still more studies needed to determine the function of the middle ear and the type of bone conduction that occurs within the bulla. Due to detailed audiograms, dolphins have been shown to have the ability to detect high-frequency sounds. In an experiment by Johnson (1966) as cited in Schusterman et al. (1986), sine-wave sounds ranging in frequency from 75 Hz to 150 Hz were presented to a bottle-nosed dolphin. The animal was trained to swim in a stationary area within a stall and to watch for a light to come on. Following the light presentation a sound was sometimes presented. If the dolphin heard the sound, its task was to leave the area and push a lever. Sound intensity levels were varied by a staircase method of 1, 2, or 3 dB steps. The resulting audiogram, compared to the human aerial audiogram, showed that at regions of best sensitivity for each, thresholds for human and dolphin are quite similar, but separated by about 50 kHz in frequency, showing that the animals inner ear function is very similar to a human. The experiments done on dolphin auditory functions have generally shown a finely adapted sound reception system. This would be expected due to the highly adapted echolocation ability of the bottlenosed dolphin and other cetaceans. Results of work on absolute thresholds, critical bandwidths, frequency discrimination, and sound localization all indicate that the dolphin auditory system is at least as good or better than the human system. This is in spite of the fact that sound travels five times as fast under water as it does in air (Popov et al. 1991). The bottlenosed dolphin in captivity produces two categories of vocalizations: (a) narrow-band, frequency-varying, continuous tonal sounds referred to as whistles and (b) broad-band pulsed sounds expressed as trains of very short duration clicks of varying rates (Evans, 1967, as cited in Schusterman et al. 1986). The pulsed sounds are used for both communication and echolocation, and the whistles are found to be used primarily for communication (Herman & Tavolga, 1980, as

10 Informative Essay Topics on Art in Late Antiquity

10 Informative Essay Topics on Art in Late Antiquity If you are tasked with writing an informative essay on art in Late Antiquity, review the 10 facts below. These are taken from across the specified time period and across the different movements in art which were revered by religious leaders and the general public alike. Be sure to review all ten in order to find something substantial and ideally suitable for your next writing assignment: Art transformed from the Middle Ages where it focused on bright colors to draw attention to the contrast between the main characters within the artwork in pieces symbolizing of love and sensuality. Painters of the Renaissance period used lighting and the force of contrast and shadow effects, drawing attention to the fact that love has different forms, not just an emotional response but also the love of body and sensuality. The Middle Ages would focus upon the same content, using different artistic ideals to convey sacred ideas. This piece focuses on displaying scenes from the Bible with contrast in lighting meant to reflect the angelic nature of man or prophets to those pieces. During the Middle Ages, the religious movement which came from this transitional period is referred to as â€Å"Modern Devotion† which encouraged people to seek a personal relationship with God through reading and meditating upon the scriptures (Davies 469). Soon there was an artistic movement of stressed Naturalism. This painting is consistent with the themes of the time, indicated by the subject and many other facets. Oil paintings which had a close resemblance to optimal reality became the major artistic style. Roman-based artists were spread throughout Rome and Europe and responded to the conflict with Humanism. Refinement became synonymous with Humanism for the emerging middle class. New definitions of beauty were explored by conscious artists who meant experimenting with ideal figure types, proportions, and unusual compositions. With Late Antiquity there came many changes, including the land conquest lead by Constantine, and after his anointment to power, the promotion of his new religion: Christianity. It is because of his triumph in battle that he had the Church of St. Peter constructed in its honor. This church would have been considered a temple by the Romans and the architecture used for it was typical of Roman public buildings. It assumed the name â€Å"basilica† as it encompassed the architectural traits of a basilica. Another aspect to the changing religious tides were related to the dead. The first centuries of Christianity brought with them the catacombs, or underground network of passages in which to bury the dead. Inside of these buildings were found paintings and artwork on the walls and ceilings which showed scenes of salvation. The catacombs of the Late Antiquity period were underground passageways which were used to bury the dead. Inside of the catacombs were cubicula’s which were small rooms known as mortuary chapels. The Loculi were the openings in the walls where the dead were received. During this period the earliest figure represented across the artwork found in many architectural triumphs and older buildings alike include is Christ in his role as the Good Shepherd. The altar’s location within the churches was significant, typically aligned toward the east. With Late Antiquity architecture, ambulatory was the passageway which surrounded the altar of a church. The apse was the endpoint of that altar’s location. The atrium was the courtyard of the church or of a Roman house. In Christian architecture, having an axially planned church was symbolic of an ideal and this took form in a basilica. From the clerestory, or third window of the church, one might have a better view of the sunken panel located inside of the ceiling, as well as the entrance into catacombs. It was common for a lunette to be present over a doorway, a crescent-shaped space, inside of which paintings or sculptures were held. Some of the more famous sculptures from this period include the Four Tetrarchs, which came from the Late Antiquity period around 305 A.D. The Emperor Diocletian converted the empire of the time into four administrative units each of which were governed by a tetrarch. The porphyry group was shown as all four looking alike in the statues and artwork in order to suggest unity and stability. Constantine was able to defeat the former tetrarch Maxentius during the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. The defeat was captured in the beautiful sculpture. Another sculpture is the colossal head of Constantine, which came from the Late Antiquity period and is dated to between 310 and 330 A.D. His head is like many statues of Constantine which were designed with a message: the open and unblinking eyes were meant to tell his people that he was always watching. One of the more famous large artistic pieces is the Ravenna in the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia. This mausoleum is covered with a beautiful painting which takes up the lunette over the doorway. It is dated to between 425 and 500 A.D. A piece of famous architecture from this period is the Basilica of Constantine located in Trier in Germany. This building represents a great many of the famous Late Antiquity aspects, including the clerestory, the sunken ceiling panels, the lunette, the apse, and the ambulatory. Churches during this time used a chalice, or cup, during their ceremonies. It was also heavily integrated into the artwork which came from that period. They also used the first four books, or Gospels written by the Four Evangelists. In the artwork from this time period Matthew was construed as an eagle. Mark was painted as a lion. Luke was portrayed as a bull. John was also painted as an eagle. The mausoleums or tombs were another type of building modeled artistically after Roman buildings. They were important because the burials took place outside of the city walls, while Christian churches sought to memorialize the dead and simultaneously show how unimportant the physical body was by incorporating the bodies into the ceremonies. This can be found in many artistic pieces. Purple was the imperial color, something which is seen throughout the artwork from this period. The Porphyry stone was reserved for the emperors because it had that bright purple color so regularly associated with the leadership of the time. These 10 facts should give you a good idea about the art in late antiquity. You may also check our 20 subtopics on this matter and a guide on how to write an informative essay on it. References: Brown, Peter Robert Lamont.  The world of late antiquity, AD 150-750. Harcourt College Pub, 1971. Davies, Penelope. Janson’s History of Art: The Western Tradition (Upper Saddle River, NJ 2006. Doar, Bruce G. The Great Wall of China: Tangible, Intangible and Destructable.China Heritage Newsletter  1 (Mar.-Apr. 2010). Print. Edmunds, Richard L.  Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy. Rep. no. 213. Chicago: University of Chicago: Department of Geography, 1985. Print. Fowden, Garth.  Empire to commonwealth: consequences of monotheism in late antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993. Mathews, Thomas F.  The clash of gods: a reinterpretation of early Christian art. Princeton University Press, 1999. Sambursky, Samuel.  The physical world of late antiquity. Princeton University Press, 2014.